Tuesday U.S. Space Force chief Douglas Schiess said his branch of the U.S. military operates "on-orbit weapons," reports Reuters, to defend "against space-enabled attacks." He promised "disciplined and responsible choices" when scaling America's orbital defense arsenal in the coming years.


NPR calls this week's reveleations "remarkable... after previous warnings about countries such as Russia possibly weaponizing a global frontier long agreed in treaties to be used for only peaceful purposes."


The revelation comes as the Trump administration puts a growing focus on space. In 2019, during his first term, Trump created the Space Force as a separate military branch. In his second term, he has announced the "Golden Dome" missile defense system, which includes plans to put U.S. weapons in space. Trump said last year that he expected the system would be "fully operational before the end of my term," which ends in January 2029, and have the capability of intercepting missiles "even if they are launched from space." Trump also has directed the Pentagon to pursue the space-based interceptors, in an executive order during the first week of his presidency. The Congressional Budget Office estimated that just the space-based components of the Golden Dome could cost as much as $542 billion over the next 20 years.

The Biden administration announced in 2024 that Russia was developing a space-based nuclear weapon that could loiter in space for long durations, then release a burst that would take out satellites around it. That kicked off a renewed debate on the idea of weapons in space at the United Nations. In April 2024, Russia vetoed a joint U.S.-Japanese resolution that would have called on all countries not to develop or deploy nuclear arms or other weapons of mass destruction in space, as banned under a 1967 international treaty that included the U.S. and Russia... The Russian delegation called the resolution hypocritical and a double standard and instead proposed a rival resolution to ban all weapons in space "for all time." It ultimately failed. Russia had argued that the United States and its allies opposed a ban on all weapons in outer space because they planned to deploy weapons there.



Reuters calls this "a landmark moment in space militarization," while noting that it's "aimed at deterring what U.S. officials describe as aggressive orbital activities from China and Russia, officials and analysts said."



The remarks this week by Washington's top military-space officials are part of "the increasing comfort level of the U.S. government to speak about aggressive actions in space" that has been building up in recent years, said Victoria Samson, chief director of space security and stability at the nonprofit Secure World Foundation. "We've gone from not talking about counter-space capabilities... to now saying flat-out we have weapons in space," Samson said. "The pendulum keeps on shifting over that way..."

"The acknowledgment of these space-control capabilities is fundamental to ensuring that we prevent deterrence from failing, and that we are postured and ready should deterrence fail to employ them effectively," Richard Palmer, the director of the Capability and Resource Integration Directorate at U.S. Space Command, said on Tuesday.... "The bottom line is that our joint force and our allied forces require space. Our economies require space," added Palmer. "We are ready in the U.S. to preserve that."




Reuters adds that Russia's Foreign Ministry issued criticism of America's move, saying "In pursuit of its narrow self-interests, Washington is ready to completely ignore the catastrophic consequences for humanity of any armed conflict in orbit."

Read more of this story at Slashdot.

DEVENTER (ANP) - Vervoerder Keolis vreest dat het verzorgen van het openbaar vervoer in de provincie Utrecht op de lange termijn onhoudbaar wordt. Het bedrijf en de provincie onderzoeken hoe het ov onder de concessie Utrecht Buiten op de lange termijn "betrouwbaar, toegankelijk en financieel houdbaar kan blijven", bevestigt een woordvoerster na berichtgeving van de Volkskrant.

Op dit moment verandert er volgens Keolis niets voor reizigers. Het busvervoer in onder meer Amersfoort, Woerden en Veenendaal valt onder deze concessie en rijdt onder de merknaam U-OV. De financiële situatie van de concessie staat op dit moment al onder druk, aldus Keolis.

De vervoerder kampt in de provincie met onder meer stijgende kosten en een krappe arbeidsmarkt. "Deze ontwikkelingen hebben impact op de uitvoering van de concessie. Reizigers ervaren dagelijks dat het ov niet presteert zoals het zou moeten, ondanks de inspanningen, investeringen en expertise van Keolis", aldus de vervoerder.

AMSTERDAM (ANP) - De dreiging tegen de van corruptie verdachte ambtenaar van de gemeente Amsterdam, Jim B. (48), is de afgelopen weken "flink verhevigd", zei zijn advocaat Mark Teurlings vrijdag aan het begin van de inhoudelijke behandeling van de strafzaak tegen B. en twee medeverdachten.

B. gaf op een vorige zitting aan vragen van de rechtbank te willen beantwoorden en graag uitleg te willen geven. Sinds die tijd zijn de bedreigingen aan zijn adres toegenomen, volgens de advocaat. Ook familie en kennissen zouden worden bedreigd. Dat zou telefonisch en op straat zijn gebeurd.

Teurlings kondigde daarom aan dat zijn cliënt zal zwijgen en dat zijn kant van het verhaal aan bod zal komen in het pleidooi van zijn advocaat. "Uit vrees dat zijn naasten iets wordt aangedaan."

B. wordt ervan verdacht dat hij als gemeenteambtenaar kentekens, burgerservicenummers, adressen en gegevens van personen en van bedrijven heeft verkocht. Die zouden onder meer gebruikt zijn bij ten minste 95 geweldsincidenten. In de zaak staan ook twee medeverdachten terecht.

Je strompelt half wakker de keuken in en zet koffie. Nog voordat je één slok hebt genomen, vult de geur de kamer. En ineens lijk je je beter te voelen. Verbeelding? Misschien niet helemaal.

Een Japanse studie laat zien dat alleen al de geur van vers gezette koffie samen kan gaan met een beter humeur en veranderingen in hersenactiviteit. Opvallend genoeg deed het hart ondertussen vrijwel niets.

Aan het onderzoek van de Showa Pharmaceutical University deden twintig studenten tussen de 20 en 29 jaar mee. Ze moesten koffie ruiken, maar mochten er niet van drinken. Na vijf minuten rapporteerden ze minder negatieve gevoelens.

Voor het experiment werd 20 gram gemalen koffie gezet met 400 milliliter water van 85 graden. De koffie stond in een glazen kan op ongeveer 50 centimeter afstand van de deelnemers. Zij hoefden alleen rustig te zitten en normaal te ademen.

Voor en na die vijf minuten vulden ze vragen in over onder meer spanning, angst, somberheid, vermoeidheid en verwarring. Tegelijk werden hersenactiviteit, hartslag en hartslagvariabiliteit gemeten.

Na vijf minuten waren de scores voor een verstoorde stemming gedaald. De deelnemers voelden zich minder vermoeid, gespannen, angstig, verward en somber. Hun gevoel van energie nam daarentegen niet significant toe. De koffiegeur leek dus eerder negatieve gevoelens te dempen dan een plotselinge energieboost te veroorzaken.

Ook steeg een zogenoemde ontspanningsindex, die gebaseerd was op hersengolven. Dat klinkt spectaculairder dan het is. Hoewel het gestandaardiseerde effect groot was, bleef de absolute verandering bescheiden. Het is bovendien onbekend of zo’n verandering daadwerkelijk betekent dat het brein fysiologisch ontspant.

Hartslag en hartslagvariabiliteit veranderden niet significant. Mensen bij wie de stemming het sterkst verbeterde, vertoonden bovendien niet automatisch de grootste verandering in hersenactiviteit. De verschillende reacties lijken dus niet één gezamenlijk proces te vormen.

Er zit een flinke beperking aan het experiment: een controlegroep ontbrak. De koffiegeur werd niet vergeleken met een geurloze ruimte, een andere geur of een placebo. Misschien hielp vijf minuten rustig zitten al. Ook verwachtingen over koffie kunnen een rol hebben gespeeld. Daar komt bij dat de groep klein was en uitsluitend uit jonge studenten bestond.

Je ochtendkoffie vervangen door vijf minuten hoopvol snuffelen is dus wat voorbarig. Maar als je humeur al vóór de eerste slok opklaart, kan je brein best al aan de koffiepauze begonnen zijn.

Bron: Science Alert

Een jaar na de rellen rond de Malievelddemonstratie, waarbij politievoertuigen in brand werden gestoken, roepen extreemrechtse kopstukken op tot geweld rond hun mars van aanstaande zaterdag, 19 september. Dat blijkt uit een analyse van Vrij Nederland van extreemrechtse social media en netwerken.

Onder meer Etienne van Basten, bestuurslid van de nazistische Nederlandse Volks-Unie, roept op Facebook op de A12 'leeg te vegen', waar Extinction Rebellion die dag demonstreert. Extreemrechts kopstuk Tinus Koops meldt via TikTok 'gewapende broeders' op het Malieveld te willen zien. De politie erkent de veiligheidsrisico's, maar wil niet zeggen welke maatregelen zij neemt.

Agressieve extreemrechtse kern

Vooral een kleine, maar agressieve extreemrechtse kern, waaronder Defend United, komt naar alle waarschijnlijkheid naar de mars. Dat staat haaks op het oorspronkelijke plan. Sinds mei werkten organisatoren onder de naam Wij Zijn Het Volk aan wat hét grote protest tegen de regering moest worden. Enkele duizenden boeren, vissers en andere ontevredenen zouden eraan deelnemen.

MANILA (ANP/AFP) - Een schip van de Chinese kustwacht heeft vrijdag een aanvaring gehad met een schip van de Filipijnse visserijdienst in de Zuid-Chinese Zee, melden de Filipijnen. De Chinese kustwacht gaf het Filipijnse vaartuig de schuld van het incident.

Het Chinese schip "voer in op de BRP Datu Magat Salamat, terwijl deze een maritieme patrouille uitvoerde om brandstof aan onze vissers te leveren", zei een woordvoerder van de Filipijnse kustwacht.

De Chinese kustwacht verweet het Filipijnse schip dat het "herhaalde, ernstige waarschuwingen negeerde" en opzettelijk van koers veranderde om "voor de boeg van het Chinese kustwachtschip langs te varen".

Het ongeluk vond plaats nabij de betwiste Spratly-eilanden, een visrijk gebied waar de afgelopen jaren vaker gewelddadige confrontaties met schepen van de Chinese kustwacht waren. Beijing claimt het grootste deel van de Zuid-Chinese Zee, ondanks een internationale uitspraak dat deze aanspraak geen juridische basis heeft.

De EU wil een verbod op sociale media voor kinderen tot 13 jaar. Hierdoor lijken ouders genoodzaakt om binnenkort kennis te maken met hun kinderen. Het plan levert gemengde reacties op.

“Mijn 11-jarige dochter Mina zit elke dag een uur of acht, negen op sociale media”, vertelt moeder Jane. “Gek maar ook mooi idee dat ik straks opeens urenlang met haar moet gaan praten op een dag. Wel leuk hoor, want ik heb eigenlijk geen idee wat er leeft bij haar. Volgens mij is ze nu net naar groep 7 of 8 ofzo gegaan? Ik weet het niet precies, ik heb haar drie weken geleden voor het laatst gesproken.”

Vader Philip baalt flink van het voornemen. ‘‘Nou, het is gedaan met de rust. Normaal zit mijn zoontje – ik ben zijn naam even kwijt – lekker de hele dag op TikTok te scrollen op zijn kamer.’’ Hij slaakt een diepe zucht. ‘‘Nu zal ik dat joch waarschijnlijk moeten voorlezen of gedwongen samen gaan voetballen in de tuin. Je zal zien dat ik zelf nauwelijks meer op mijn telefoon kan.’’

​

&

jovo2021 has added a photo to the pool:

A traditional practice of scattering water at the end of the day in order to cool the air, settle the dust, and as a symbolic cleansing of the premises ready for the next day.
Kurashiki, Japan

Today's links

• Textured: The surprises are what matter.
• Hey look at this: Delights to delectate.
• Object permanence: RIP Mr Dressup; Oligarch sucker-punch; ICC v CEOs.
• Upcoming appearances: Berkeley, Edmonton, Boston, South Bend, Hudson, Calgary, Winnipeg, Vancouver, Victoria, Ottawa, Kilkenny, Montreal.
• Recent appearances: Where I've been.
• Latest books: You keep readin' em, I'll keep writin' 'em.
• Upcoming books: Like I said, I'll keep writin' 'em.
• Colophon: All the rest.

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Textured (permalink)

I'm going to come right out and say it: statistical extrapolation is fine. One of the most useful ways to understand the present and anticipate the future is to measure the things that happened in the past, find the correlations among them, and extrapolate likely future outcomes from those correlations.

There is nothing wrong with this method. It is a productive and reliable way to uncover the causal relationships between natural phenomena, and to find ways to influence the world. If you discover that A reliably causes B, you can do A whenever you want B to happen.

However, the fact that this method works for some things does not mean that it works for all things. Naive, "theory-free" statistical extrapolation (the method that LLMs rely on) has hard limits. LLMs are very good at finding areas of statistical regularity and producing new material that matches this statistical picture: you can use an LLM to produce strings of words that are statistically indistinguishable from sentences and strings of pixels that are statistically indistinguishable from images.

The single most exciting and interesting thing about LLMs is how well this works. Call an LLM "a word-guessing program" and AI boosters will accuse you of reductionism. But the LLM is just guessing words, and the remarkable and amazing thing about this fact is the sheer plausibility of the sentences this method produces.

Before the rise of LLMs, nearly everyone overestimated the statistical irregularity of routine sentences. Our intuition insists that the world is textured, but it turns out that there's far more smoothness in the distribution of natural phenomena, including the actions that we take of our own free will. The same goes for image generation, music generation, and other output from "generative AI" programs.

When I call an LLM a word-guessing program, that's not a dismissal. It's an acknowledgment of the degree to which the tactic of guessing words has exceeded all expectations in the production of sensible-seeming, conversational-seeming sentences and paragraphs. It's all right to be surprised by how similar the output from a conscious being and a word-guessing program can be. It's surprising!

Since the 1950s, researchers have applied the "AI" label to an incoherent grab-bag of technologies that share one characteristic: each one is designed to perform tasks that are considered to be the province of conscious minds. Each one of these "AI" technologies has failed in important ways, but the one way in which every single one of them has succeeded is in refining our own understanding of which things are truly and solely the product of conscious intervention.

The thing we're calling "AI" this year has also succeeded in this way. We've learned that the sentences and other communiques produced by conscious minds have more statistical regularity than previously understood. Again, it's okay to be excited after learning this fact about yourself and your species and its endeavors.

But there are hard limits to the usefulness of these methods, and the fact that AI bosses and boosters can't or won't acknowledge this has led to the current cul-de-sac in which we're spending trillions and emitting gigatons of carbon to produce diminishing returns, even as we fire an army of workers and replace them with defective chatbots that can't do their jobs.

That's because the statistical regularity of the natural world and our activities in it are the backdrop against which the statistical surprises occur, and it's those surprises that make all the difference.

Some weeks ago, I recorded a podcast with a host who was a giant AI booster who claimed that since he could predict what his wife was going to say, and the LLM-powered predictive typing on her phone could predict what she was going to say, that her phone understood her the way he did. This is an obviously repellent idea and you have to feel for this guy's poor wife.

And also: the fact that you can use a statistical lookup table to predict what words someone is going to say doesn't mean you understand them, a fact that you will learn the minute that person says something surprising, like "I want a divorce."

If your "understanding" of your partner is entirely grounded in a statistical record of their utterances and deeds, such that when they do A, you anticipate that B will come next, you will have no ability to cope with a surprise like "I want a divorce." To handle an "I want a divorce" event, you need to actually have a theory about your partner, about how they feel and why, and the factors that might cause that to change.

Surprises are everything. A surprise is the seam of gold in the wall of quartz; it's the friend who confesses they've fallen in love with you; it's the moment when you and the party and the GM all come up with an amazing way to kill the dragon and then roll a natural 20. Surprise is the difference between Pi and 3.11111111111111111111111111111… Dylan going electric is a surprise. A surprise is Miles Davis choosing not to play a note in a phrase. A surprise is Picasso's cubism and Kahlo's mustache.

It's a mistake to interpret the statistical regularity of your life with your spouse as meaning that they're indistinguishable from the output of an LLM. The LLM's statistical picture is always incomplete: it sands off, rounds down or truncates the final couple decimal places, and those smoothings make all the difference, the way the pinch of salt makes all the difference to the chocolate.

Lots of things seem smooth to the naked eye: glass, stainless steel, ice, polished wood. Put those "smooth" materials under a high-magnification microscope and you discover a whole world of tiny irregularities, a texture to reality. Most of the time, you can treat these things as "smooth," but that roughness matters: it's the fracture line the glass cracks on, the place where the ice starts to melt, the grain where the wood starts to warp. The danger of forgetting that your "smooth" thing only seems smooth is that you'll only know how to make it work, and will be totally at sea when it fails.

You can scan the night sky with a radio telescope night after night and only find things that fit with our existing theories of the universe. But you keep scanning, because somewhere out there is a surprise that will open up a deep mystery:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wow!_signal

With LLMs, we have invented a machine that uncovers the statistical regularities in our seemingly irregular world, and we have learned that the roughness is rarer than our intuition led us to believe. This machine will also produce statistically regular, smooth output that has the seeming of understanding and consciousness. But – by definition – it can't contain any of our future surprises, because it's just trained on the things we already know, and if we knew about something, it wouldn't be a surprise anymore.

(Image: Zhaoxing Wang, Kunpeng Wang & Yan Xu, CC BY 4.0, modified)

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Hey look at this (permalink)

• A/SIDE https://www.a-side.social/

• Articulated Finger Extensions https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KKIErP7QzWA&t=51s

• Join us, we're hiring! https://www.fsf.org/blogs/community/2026-were-hiring-for-two-positions

• corporate crimeblogging in the training set https://blog.zgp.org/corporate-crimeblogging-in-the-training-set/

• r/Wellworn https://www.reddit.com/r/Wellworn/

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Object permanence (permalink)

#25yrsago RIP Mr Dressup https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/mr-dressup-ernie-coombs-dies-after-stroke-1.294923

#20yrsago Diebold voting machines opened with hotel minibar key https://blog.citp.princeton.edu/2006/09/18/hotel-minibar-keys-open-diebold-voting-machines/

#15yrsago Russian oligarch sucker-punches rival billionaire on talk show https://www.theguardian.com/media/2011/sep/18/alexander-lebedev-russian-tv-punchup

#15yrsago HOWTO track down a con-artist https://web.archive.org/web/20110923143613/http://www.popehat.com/2011/09/10/anatomy-of-a-scam-investigation-chapter-one/

#10yrsago International Criminal Court in the Hague will now try CEOs https://web.archive.org/web/20160919000813/http://www.telesurtv.net/english/news/CEOs-Can-Now-Be-Prosecuted-Like-War-Criminals-at-the-Hague-20160916-0013.html

#10yrsago Italy on the verge of the stupidest censorship law in European history https://media.boingboing.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/transcription.pdf

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Upcoming appearances (permalink)

• Berkeley: Celebrating 25 Years at the Digital Frontier (Samuelson Clinic), Sep 24
  https://www.law.berkeley.edu/experiential/clinics/samuelson-law-technology-public-policy-clinic/samuelson-25th-anniversary-celebration/

• Edmonton: Elbows Up (Edmonton Public Library), Sep 28
  https://www.epl.ca/blogs/post/elbows-up-with-cory-doctorow/

• Boston: The Post-American Internet: Possibilities for a new internet created by an American Hermit Kingdom (MIT Media Lab), Sep 30
  https://www.media.mit.edu/events/the-post-american-internet-possibilities-for-a-new-internet-created-by-an-american-hermit-kingdom/

• Boston: Rethinking Our Relationship with AI, Sep 30 (Emtech)
  https://event.technologyreview.com/emtech-future-2026/detailed-agenda

• Boston: The Paradox of Enshittification and Reverse Centaurs (Harvard Berkman Klein), Sep 30
  https://cyber.harvard.edu/events/running-harder-falling-faster-paradox-enshittification-and-reverse-centaurs

• South Bend: An Evening With Cory Doctorow (Notre Dame), Oct 6
  https://franco.nd.edu/events/2026/10/06/an-evening-with-cory-doctorow/

• Hudson, OH: Hudson Library, Oct 7
  https://engagedpatrons.org/EventsExtended.cfm?SiteID=3850&EventID=596952&PK=

• Calgary: Wordfest, Oct 8
  https://wordfest.com/2026/show/wordfest-presents-cory-doctorow-2026/

• Winnipeg: McNally Robinson, Oct 9
  https://www.mcnallyrobinson.com/event-18991/An-Evening-with-Cory-Doctorow

• Vancouver: Read, Resist, Repair, Rejoice (Vancouver Writers Festival), Oct 19
  https://writersfest.bc.ca/festival-event-2026/01

• Victoria: Munro's Books, Oct 20
  https://www.munrobooks.com/events/6113620261020

• Vancouver: Life After AI (Vancouver Writers Festival), Oct 22
  https://writersfest.bc.ca/festival-event-2026/46

• Ottawa: Life After AI (Ottawa Writers Festival), Oct 24
  https://writersfestival.org/event/life-after-ai

• Kilkenny (Kilkenomics), Nov 6-8
  https://kilkenomics.com/

• Vancouver: Enshittification (Sid Williams Theatre Society), Nov 10
  https://www.sidwilliamstheatre.com/events/cory-doctorow-talks-enshittification/

• Vancouver: BC Policy Solutions Gala, Nov 12
  https://bcpolicy.ca/gala/

• Montreal: World Science Fiction Convention, Sep 2-6
  https://montreal2027.ca/en

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Recent appearances (permalink)

• Could Tech Bosses Destroy Life As We Know It? (Politics JOE)
  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PL4VktU0SgY

• Are 'AI Apocalypse' Warnings Just Marketing? (What's Left)
  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IXd9HwIE5bo

• The Real AI Threat Isn’t What You’ve Been Told (The Tea with Myriam François)
  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vc8It00fRsA

• Fascists may come after the AI bubble bursts (You&AI)
  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J2WN64aQeYQ

• What Would a Normal Person Do (Trashfuture)
  https://www.patreon.com/trashfuture/posts/what-would-do-169247456

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Latest books (permalink)

• "The Reverse-Centaur's Guide to AI," a short book about being a better AI critic, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, June 2026
  https://us.macmillan.com/books/9780374621568/thereversecentaursguidetolifeafterai/

• "Canny Valley": A limited edition collection of the collages I create for Pluralistic, self-published, September 2025 https://pluralistic.net/2025/09/04/illustrious/#chairman-bruce

• "Enshittification: Why Everything Suddenly Got Worse and What to Do About It," Farrar, Straus, Giroux, October 7 2025
  https://us.macmillan.com/books/9780374619329/enshittification/

• "Picks and Shovels": a sequel to "Red Team Blues," about the heroic era of the PC, Tor Books (US), Head of Zeus (UK), February 2025 (https://us.macmillan.com/books/9781250865908/picksandshovels).

• "The Bezzle": a sequel to "Red Team Blues," about prison-tech and other grifts, Tor Books (US), Head of Zeus (UK), February 2024 (thebezzle.org).

• "The Lost Cause:" a solarpunk novel of hope in the climate emergency, Tor Books (US), Head of Zeus (UK), November 2023 (http://lost-cause.org).

• "The Internet Con": A nonfiction book about interoperability and Big Tech (Verso) September 2023 (http://seizethemeansofcomputation.org). Signed copies at Book Soup (https://www.booksoup.com/book/9781804291245).

• "Red Team Blues": "A grabby, compulsive thriller that will leave you knowing more about how the world works than you did before." Tor Books http://redteamblues.com.

• "Chokepoint Capitalism: How to Beat Big Tech, Tame Big Content, and Get Artists Paid, with Rebecca Giblin", on how to unrig the markets for creative labor, Beacon Press/Scribe 2022 https://chokepointcapitalism.com

---

Upcoming books (permalink)

• "The Post-American Internet," a geopolitical sequel of sorts to Enshittification, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2027

• "Unauthorized Bread": a middle-grades graphic novel adapted from my novella about refugees, toasters and DRM, FirstSecond, April 20, 2027

• "Enshittification, Why Everything Suddenly Got Worse and What to Do About It" (the graphic novel), Firstsecond, 2027

• "The Memex Method," Farrar, Straus, Giroux, 2027

---

Colophon (permalink)

Today's top sources:

Currently writing:

• “Once Is Enemy Action,” a science fiction novel about the origins of modern technofascism. Today's words: 539 (16530 total).

• "The Post-American Internet," a sequel to "Enshittification," about the better world the rest of us get to have now that Trump has torched America. Fourth draft completed. Submitted to editor.

• A Little Brother short story about DIY insulin PLANNING

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This work – excluding any serialized fiction – is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license. That means you can use it any way you like, including commercially, provided that you attribute it to me, Cory Doctorow, and include a link to pluralistic.net.

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Quotations and images are not included in this license; they are included either under a limitation or exception to copyright, or on the basis of a separate license. Please exercise caution.

---

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